Breast cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breast. It occurs when abnormal cells grow and multiply uncontrollably. The disease often develops in either the lobules or the ducts of the breast but can also arise in the adipose tissue or dense connective tissue. These uncontrolled cancer cells may invade healthy breast cells and spread to the lymph nodes. Once cancer enters the lymph nodes, it can spread to other parts of the body. Although breast cancer is less common in men, it can still occur.
Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer
Recognizing the symptoms of breast cancer is essential for early diagnosis and treatment. Some common signs and symptoms include:
- A new lump or thickening of tissue in the breast that feels different from the surrounding tissue.
- Pain or tenderness in the breast.
- Changes in skin colour or texture, such as dimpling or redness.
- Swelling of the breast.
- An inverted nipple.
- Discharge from the nipple, including pus, blood, or other abnormal fluids.
- Sudden changes in the shape or size of the breast.
- A mass or swelling under the arm.
While these symptoms may not necessarily indicate breast cancer, it’s important to consult a doctor for further evaluation if any are present.
Types of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is categorized into two main types: noninvasive and invasive.
Noninvasive Breast Cancer
- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): Cancer cells are confined to the ducts without invading surrounding tissues.
- Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): Cancer develops within the milk-producing lobules but does not spread to nearby tissues.
Invasive Breast Cancer
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most common type of breast cancer that begins in the ducts and spreads to surrounding tissues.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): Starts in the lobules and invades nearby tissues.
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): A rare and aggressive type of breast cancer characterized by redness and swelling.
- Paget’s Disease of the Nipple: A rare form of breast cancer that affects the nipple and areola skin.
- Angiosarcoma: Develops in the blood or lymph vessels of the breast.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer. While having risk factors does not guarantee the disease, understanding them can help with prevention.
Genetic Factors
- Family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter).
- Mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, PTEN, and CDH1.
Hormonal Factors
- Early onset of menstruation (menarche).
- Late menopause.
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) post-menopause.
- Dense breast tissue, which can make imaging more challenging.
Lifestyle Factors
- Obesity, particularly after menopause.
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Smoking and alcohol consumption.
Environmental Factors
- Radiation exposure, especially at a young age.
Other Factors
- Previous breast cancer or benign breast conditions.
- Late pregnancies, no pregnancies, or lack of breastfeeding.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
A proper diagnosis involves a combination of physical exams and diagnostic tests:
- Self-Examination: Regularly check for lumps or changes in breast tissue.
- Mammogram: A low-dose X-ray for breast screening.
- Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create detailed images of breast tissue.
- MRI: Offers a detailed view, especially for high-risk patients.
- Biopsy: Involves taking a tissue sample from the breast for laboratory analysis.
Breast Cancer Treatment
Treatment options depend on the tumour’s type, size, stage, and grade.
Surgery
- Breast-Conserving Surgery (Lumpectomy): Removes the tumour while preserving as much breast tissue as possible.
- Mastectomy: Involves the removal of one or both breasts. Types include:
- Total Mastectomy: Entire breast removal, including the nipple and areola.
- Skin-Sparing Mastectomy: Breast tissue is removed, but the skin is preserved.
- Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: The nipple, areola, and skin remain intact while breast tissue is removed.
- Modified Radical Mastectomy: Removes breast tissue and lymph nodes.
- Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: Preventive removal of the opposite breast.
Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation: Targets cancer cells from outside the body.
- Brachytherapy: Involves placing radioactive materials near the tumour site.
Chemotherapy
- Adjuvant Therapy: Administered after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.
- Neoadjuvant Therapy: Given before surgery to shrink the tumour, allowing for less invasive procedures.
Hormone Therapy
Blocks hormones like estrogen and progesterone that stimulate cancer growth.
Prevention of Breast Cancer
Preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing breast cancer:
- Screening:
- Regular self-examinations.
- Mammograms based on age and risk factors.
- Healthy Lifestyle:
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Engage in regular physical activity.
- Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Limit Hormone Therapy:
- Avoid prolonged use of hormone replacement therapy unless necessary.
- Reduce Radiation Exposure:
- Minimize unnecessary radiation, especially at a young age.
Conclusion
Breast cancer is a serious yet manageable disease when detected early. Understanding the signs, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options empowers individuals to take control of their health. If you notice any abnormalities or symptoms, consult a healthcare provider promptly. With advancements in medical science, early detection and tailored treatments have significantly improved survival rates, making it possible to lead a fulfilling life after diagnosis.